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Overhaul and structure for expansion
'''Eugenics''' is the practice of improving the genetic quality of the human population through various practices.
'''Eugenics''' refers to a variety of beliefs and practices seeking to improve the genetic quality of a human population.
Heavily criticized, its advocacy is typically based on [[junk science]] that overstates the role of hereditary traits in personal development and overlooks environmental and social factors, frequently to excuse classism and [[scientific racism]].
Many precursors to the modern [[transhumanism|transhumanist]] movement come from eugenics, including the origin of the word "transhumanism" itself. A common [[criticism of transhumanism]] is the observation that many advocated positions, whether directed by authorities or by the combined effect of prejudice on individual choices, may constitute <i>de facto</i> eugenics.
== Practices ==
Techniques can typically be divided into '''positive eugenics''', which encourage reproduction among those with desirable traits, and '''negative eugenics''', which discourage those deemed "unfit" or undesirable.
=== Positive Eugenics ===
'''Positive eugenics'''
=== Negative Eugenics ===
'''Negative eugenics'''
=== Liberal and New Eugenics ===
'''Liberal eugenics''', coined by [[Nicholas Agar]], attempts to address the issues of eugenic coercion, arguing from a position based on individual procreative freedom and parental choice, with state intervention only to prohibit choices deemed injurious to the child.
== History and Implementations ==
=== Ancient History ===
Very early philosophical precursors may be found in Plato's <i>Republic</i> c. 400 BCE, suggesting applying selective breeding practices. Early Roman law mandated the infanticide of deformed children.
=== Development in the United Kingdom ===
=== Spread to North America and popular adoption ===
==== The Jukes family ====
==== The "Kallikak" family ====
In 1912, the movement was further advanced by the publication of <i>The Kallikak Family: A Study in the Heredity of Feeble-Mindedness</i> by Henry H. Goddard and its subsequent popularity. The book portrays a falsified history of a family divided into "good" and "bad" branches to demonstrate the heredity of "feeble-mindedness."
In truth, the families were unrelated, and many of the portrayed deficiencies of the "bad" branch of the family were fabricated or heavily embellished, while non-hereditary factors such as nutrional deficiencies and fetal alcohol syndrome were ignored.
=== Nazi Germany ===
==== Anti-miscegenation ====
==== Sterilization of Afro-Germans ====
==== Aktion T4 ====
=== Chinese one-child policy ===
=== Peru ===
== Modern occurences ==
=== China ===
=== United States ===
==== California ====
Between 1997 and 2010, coercive sterilization was carried out on at least 148 female inmates in California prisons deemed to be at risk of reincarceration.<ref name="npr-ca-prison-sterilizations">[https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2013/07/09/200444613/californias-prison-sterilizations-reportedly-echoes-eugenics-era California's Prison Sterilizations Reportedly Echo Eugenics Era], Bill Chappel, <i>NPR</i>, July 09, 2013.</ref>
== See also ==
== See also ==
* [[Gattaca]]
* [[Gattaca]]
==External Links==
==External Links==
* {{wikipedia|Eugenics}}
* {{wikipedia|Eugenics}}
* [http://www.amazon.com/Babies-Design-Ethics-Genetic-Choice/dp/0300143087 "Babies by design: The ethics of genetic choice"] - 2008 book by Ronald Green
* [http://www.amazon.com/Babies-Design-Ethics-Genetic-Choice/dp/0300143087 "Babies by design: The ethics of genetic choice"] - 2008 book by Ronald Green
[[Category:Eugenics]]
[[Category:Eugenics]]
[[Category:Opposition to transhumanism]]
[[Category:Opposition to transhumanism]]
[[Category:Pseudoscience]]